Government and commercial entities looking to explore space and exploit in-space resources are relying on increasingly autonomous systems to enable new missions, increase productivity, improve reliability and reduce operations costs. While these envisioned systems embody different degrees of autonomy, they will share common challenges in design, implementation, certification and operation. The self-adaptive nature of autonomous systems requires not only new algorithms and technology, but also changes in conceptualization, specification, design, development and operation of these systems. This talk will describe a set of representative space systems, review the challenges associated with this transition, and describe key capabilities needed to facilitate their realization.